The North and the South Poles have a fairly harsh climate. In the North Pole, winter temperatures average -40°C (104 °F). In the South Pole, the conditions are even more extreme, with average winter temperatures being as low as -60°C (-140°F) in winter. If you’re planning a trip to an arctic environment, dressing properly is one survival skill for trekkers you should learn. Proper clothing should ensure a higher level of comfort while exploring and, more importantly, protect you against frostbite and other cold-related risks such as hypothermia. Here’s a guide on how to dress for an arctic environment.
The layering system
When dressing for an arctic environment, layering is the most effective way to stay warm and comfortable. The key is to manage heat retention and moisture so that you can regulate body temperature by adding or removing layers based on activity and weather. The “Arctic” layering system consists of three essential layers: the base layer, the mid layer, and the outer layer.
Base layer
The base layer sits directly against your skin, and its primary function is moisture management. As you move, your body produces sweat, and it’s important to wick that moisture away to keep you dry and warm. Materials like merino wool or synthetic fibers are ideal because they are breathable, quick-drying, and retain heat even when damp. Avoid cotton, which absorbs moisture and holds it against your skin, increasing the risk of hypothermia. Thermal tops, bottoms, and high-ankle socks made of merino wool or synthetic materials are highly recommended.
Mid layer
The mid layer is responsible for insulation—trapping your body heat and preventing it from escaping. Popular choices include fleece jackets, wool sweaters, or insulated jackets. This layer needs to provide warmth without being too bulky, so materials like polar fleece, wool, or synthetic insulation are top picks. These materials trap warm air close to your body while allowing moisture to escape from the base layer. Depending on the cold’s intensity, you may opt for multiple mid layers to maximize insulation.
Outer layer
The outer layer, also known as the shell, protects you from the wind, snow, and freezing rain. A waterproof and windproof jacket and pants will come in handy. Materials like Gore-Tex are often used for outer shells because they are breathable while offering good protection against wind and water. This layer should have adjustable cuffs, a high collar, and a hood to provide maximum protection from snow and wind.
Footwear
In the North or the South Pole, keeping your feet warm and dry is very important as well, as cold, wet feet can quickly lead to discomfort or even frostbite. You will need the right combination of socks and boots that can handle the extreme cold and icy conditions.
Socks
Layering socks is just as important as layering your clothing. The base layer should consist of thin, moisture-wicking socks made from materials like merino wool or synthetics. These socks help to wick away sweat and keep your feet dry. The outer layer should be thicker wool or synthetic socks for added insulation. Wool is often preferred because it retains heat even when wet, and synthetic materials like fleece or polyester also work well. Avoid cotton socks, which trap moisture and can lead to cold, damp feet.
Always carry extra pairs of socks in case they get wet during your trip. A good practice is to change your socks regularly, especially after periods of heavy activity.
Boots
Properte boots should keep your feet insulated and dry in any arctic environment. Waterproof boots with thick rubber soles and high shafts are highly recommended. These boots should be insulated and large enough to fit two layers of socks without restricting circulation. Proper circulation is important because tight boots can reduce blood flow and lead to cold feet.
Look for boots that provide excellent traction to prevent slipping on ice, and ensure that they are designed for sub-zero temperatures, providing protection from the cold ground. It’s also essential to dry your boots out every night, as damp boots will freeze in the cold, making the next day’s expedition uncomfortable.
Hands and head protection
Arctic environments can be particularly harsh on your extremities, so you have to protect your hands and head. Without proper protection, these areas are vulnerable to frostbite, especially in sub-zero temperatures.
Gloves
Keeping your hands warm in an arctic environment requires a layered approach, just like with clothing. Start with a base layer of thin liner gloves made of materials like merino wool or synthetic fibers. These help to wick away moisture while allowing for dexterity. For the outer layer, use insulated, waterproof gloves, such as ski gloves or mittens. Mittens are often warmer than gloves because they allow your fingers to share warmth, but they can reduce dexterity. If you’re using a camera or smartphone, look for gloves with touchscreen-compatible tips.
It’s also a good idea to bring a second pair of gloves in case your first pair gets wet or damaged. Wet gloves can quickly lead to cold hands, which is not only uncomfortable but can also be dangerous in extreme cold.
Headgear
Your head is one of the primary areas where body heat escapes, making a warm hat or balaclava more than an arguably fashion statement while exploring a cold desert. Choose a hat made of wool or fleece that covers your ears completely, as these are particularly sensitive to cold. A hat with a windproof lining or an additional neck gaiter can provide extra protection against the wind, while also covering your neck and lower face.
If you’re wearing a jacket with a hood, it’s important to remember that while hoods offer good protection from wind and snow, they can reduce your peripheral vision. Therefore, combining a hat with a hood will give you the best balance of warmth and visibility.
Special accessories
Certain accessories will provide additional protection against frostbite and help keep your body temperature regulated.
Neck and face protection
One of the most effective ways to protect your face and neck from the biting cold is by using a neck gaiter, buff, or scarf. These can be pulled up over your mouth and nose to shield against windburn and frostbite, especially when strong winds are present. A balaclava is another option, offering full-face coverage while leaving just your eyes exposed. These items are typically made from wool, fleece, or synthetic materials and should be breathable to prevent moisture buildup.
Ski goggles or sunglasses
In arctic environments, snow glare can be intense, particularly during sunny days or while crossing snowfields. Wearing ski goggles or polarized sunglasses may make you look prettier and will also protect your eyes from snow blindness and UV rays. These accessories can be especially useful during activities like snowmobiling, where fast movement can also expose your eyes to wind.
Hiking poles
If you’re planning on hiking through icy or uneven terrain, hiking poles are useful for additional stability. Poles can really come in handy when the ground is frozen solid.
Insulated water bottle
Dehydration can occur even in freezing temperatures. An insulated water bottle is key to keep liquids from freezing while you’re out exploring. Many arctic enthusiasts recommend carrying hot liquids like tea or soup to help maintain body warmth during breaks.
Final tips before to go the North or South Pole
When preparing for a cold desert, the right clothing and accessories are only part of the equation. Here are some extra tips.
Stay dry
For example, you will want to stay dry to maintain warmth in arctic conditions. Wet clothing, whether from snow, sweat, or moisture in the air, can quickly lead to a loss of body heat. Always opt for waterproof outer layers and remember to dry your boots, gloves, and other gear each night. If possible, bring spare items like socks and gloves to replace wet ones during the day.
Avoid overheating
Though it may seem counterintuitive, overheating is a common issue in arctic environments, especially during physical activities like hiking or snowshoeing. Sweating can cause your base layers to become damp, making it harder to stay warm once you stop moving. To avoid this, layer your clothing so you can easily remove or add items as needed. It’s always better to have multiple thin layers that you can adjust, rather than a few bulky items that are difficult to manage.
Plan for the coldest days
Weather is unpredictable, so you want to prepare for extreme conditions even if the forecast looks moderate. Always have additional insulation and protection available for colder days or activities that will expose you to extreme conditions for a longer period of time. Planning for the worst ensures that you’ll stay warm no matter what surprises the weather brings.
Check local guidelines
Weather is unpredictable, so you want to prepare for extreme conditions even if the forecast looks moderate. Always have additional insulation and protection available for colder days or activities that will expose you to extreme conditions for a longer period of time. Planning for the worst ensures that you’ll stay warm no matter what surprises the weather brings.
Before your trip, it’s wise to check with your tour operator or local authorities about any specific clothing or gear requirements. If you’re going on an expedition, some will provide essential items like parkas or boots, while others may require you to bring all of your own gear. Knowing what’s provided can help you pack more efficiently.
Bottom line: Stay warm and enjoy the cold
Dressing for arctic environments isn’t just about looking like a puffed-up marshmallow—it requires careful planning, a high number of layers, and the right materials. By following a layering system that might impress even the most fashionable onion, choosing waterproof and insulated footwear, and protecting your hands, head, and face from frostbite, you can stay warm and cozy during your arctic escapades.
The key to surviving (and maybe even enjoying) an arctic environment is adaptability: wear multiple thin layers so you can add or remove them like you’re playing a game of temperature Jenga, use waterproof materials to stay dry, and bring all the accessories—gloves, neck gaiters, and an insulated water bottle.
Finally, to get even better prepared for your arctic experience, feel free to check out our guide on how to survive in an arctic environment.
